![]() The middle constrictor muscle originates from the greater and lesser horn of the hyoid bone and stylohyoid ligament. When the superior constrictor muscle contracts, it constricts the upper portion of the pharynx. The pharyngeal raphe is a midline tendinous seam where the constrictor muscles meet. This superior constrictor muscle inserts into the base of the skull at the pharyngeal tubercle and the pharyngeal raphe. The superior constrictor muscle originates from the pterygoid process, posterior end of the mylohyoid line of mandible, and the pterygomandibular ligament/raphe. PMID 1941681.The outer circular layer consists of the superior, middle, and inferior constrictor muscles. "Hyoid bone syndrome: A degenerative injury of the middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle with photomicroscopic evidence of insertion tendinosis". Its role in Hyoid bone syndrome: Ernest, Edwin A."Botulinum Neurotoxin for Pharyngeal Constrictor Muscle Spasm in Tracheoesophageal Voice Restoration". Its role in speech: Hamaker, Ronald C."Respiratory-related activation and mechanical effects of the pharyngeal constrictor muscles". "Adaptation in the function of pharyngeal constrictor muscles". ^ Rowe LD, Miller AJ, Chierici G, Clendenning D (August 1984).Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice (42th ed.). ![]()
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